Junagarh Fort, an architectural marvel in the heart of Bikaner, Rajasthan, is one of the most magnificent forts in India. Built in the late 16th century, this imposing fortress is a testament to the grandeur of Rajputana architecture and the valor of the rulers who safeguarded it. Unlike many forts in Rajasthan perched on hilltops, Junagarh Fort stands proudly on the desert plains, symbolizing its unassailable might and the strategic brilliance of its builders. A visit to this iconic landmark offers a deep dive into history, art, and culture.
A Glimpse Into History
Junagarh Fort was constructed in 1589 by Raja Rai Singh, the sixth ruler of Bikaner, under the supervision of his prime minister, Karan Chand. Rai Singh, an accomplished general in the Mughal army under Akbar and Jahangir, used his expertise and wealth to design a fort that would withstand time and invasions. Initially known as Chintamani Fort, it was later renamed Junagarh Fort, meaning “Old Fort,” when the royal family moved to Lalgarh Palace in the early 20th century.
Despite numerous attempts by enemies to capture it, Junagarh Fort remained undefeated—a rare feat in the annals of Rajasthan’s history. The fort’s robust architecture, combined with the strategic acumen of Bikaner’s rulers, ensured its invincibility.
Architectural Splendor
Junagarh Fort is a seamless blend of Rajput, Mughal, and Gujarati architectural styles, showcasing the ingenuity and artistic flair of the era. Constructed using red sandstone (Dulmera stone) and marble, the fort spans over 5.28 hectares and is surrounded by a moat that once served as the first line of defense. The imposing walls, towering gates, and intricate carvings make it a masterpiece of craftsmanship.
The fort complex houses several palaces, temples, and pavilions, each narrating tales of opulence and tradition. Here are the key highlights:
Notable Palaces and Structures
Anup Mahal
Anup Mahal, once the administrative headquarters, is a multi-storeyed structure known for its intricate woodwork, gold leaf decorations, and lattice windows. The walls are adorned with frescoes, mirrors, and stunning glass inlays, creating an ambiance of regality. The Durbar Hall within Anup Mahal served as the council chamber, where crucial decisions were made.
Phool Mahal
True to its name, the “Flower Palace” is a celebration of beauty and elegance. Decorated with floral motifs, mirror work, and vibrant frescoes, Phool Mahal reflects the artistic refinement of Bikaner’s rulers.
Karan Mahal
Built by Maharaja Karan Singh, Karan Mahal is an architectural gem commemorating Bikaner’s victory over the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. The palace features exquisite marble flooring, carved balconies, and stained-glass windows that enhance its aesthetic appeal.
Badal Mahal
The “Cloud Palace” is known for its unique paintings of clouds and rain, a rarity in the arid landscape of Rajasthan. The walls depict scenes of monsoon festivities, showcasing the longing for rain in the desert region.
Chandra Mahal
Chandra Mahal, or the “Moon Palace,” is one of the most luxurious palaces within the fort. The chambers are adorned with gold-plated walls, elaborate paintings, and ornate mirrors. The ceilings, featuring celestial motifs, add to the palace’s charm.
Temples Within the Fort
Junagarh Fort is also home to several temples that highlight the spiritual inclinations of the Bikaner rulers. The Har Mandir, a private temple dedicated to Lord Krishna and Vishnu, was used by the royal family for their daily prayers and special ceremonies. The fort also has Jain and Hindu temples, symbolizing the rulers’ patronage of diverse faiths.
Museums and Exhibits
The fort complex includes museums that provide a glimpse into the rich history and culture of Bikaner. The museum displays a collection of artifacts, including weapons, manuscripts, paintings, and royal costumes. Among the highlights are the finely preserved howdahs (elephant seats), palanquins, and a biplane gifted by the British to Maharaja Ganga Singh.
Defensive Features
Junagarh Fort’s defensive architecture is remarkable. The 986-meter-long outer wall, with its 37 bastions and two massive gates, provided robust protection against invasions. The fort’s moat added another layer of defense, deterring enemies from approaching its walls. The gates, including the grand Karan Pol and Suraj Pol, were strategically designed to thwart attacks.
Legends and Tales
Junagarh Fort is steeped in legends that add an air of mystique to its grandeur. One such tale is about Rao Bika’s decision to build the fort in the desert plains to establish his independent kingdom, defying the tradition of building forts on hilltops. Another legend speaks of the fort’s divine protection, which prevented its capture despite numerous attempts.
Cultural Significance
The fort stands as a cultural hub, hosting festivals, art exhibitions, and heritage walks that celebrate the vibrant traditions of Rajasthan. Its intricate frescoes, showcasing mythological themes and courtly scenes, provide valuable insights into the region’s art and culture.
Visitor Information
Timings and Entry
Junagarh Fort is open to visitors from 10:00 AM to 4:30 PM. The entry fee varies for Indian and international tourists, with separate charges for cameras and guided tours.
Best Time to Visit
The ideal time to explore Junagarh Fort is during the winter months, from October to March, when the weather is pleasant and conducive to sightseeing.
How to Reach
Junagarh Fort is easily accessible from Bikaner Junction, the city’s main railway station, and is well-connected by road. The nearest airport is Nal Airport, approximately 15 kilometers from the city.