Introduction Diwali, also known as Deepavali, is one of the most celebrated festivals in India and around the world, symbolizing the triumph of light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance. This festival is celebrated with immense joy and enthusiasm by people of various religions, including Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, and Buddhists, each having its own historical significance and customs. While primarily an Indian festival, Diwali has now gained global recognition due to its vibrant traditions and the values it embodies.
Historical Background Diwali has roots that trace back over 2,500 years, and different legends surround its origin. In Hindu tradition, it is most commonly associated with the return of Lord Rama, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu, to his kingdom of Ayodhya after 14 years of exile. Lord Rama, his wife Sita, and his brother Lakshmana returned home after vanquishing the demon king Ravana. To welcome their beloved prince back, the people of Ayodhya illuminated their city with rows of oil lamps, marking the first Diwali.
In some regions, Diwali also honors Lord Krishna’s victory over the tyrannical king Narakasura, who had enslaved thousands. By defeating him, Krishna liberated the people, which is celebrated as a day of freedom, light, and joy.
For Jains, Diwali marks the day Lord Mahavira, the last Tirthankara, attained Nirvana (spiritual enlightenment) in 527 BCE. Sikhs commemorate Bandi Chhor Divas, which coincides with Diwali, as the day Guru Hargobind Ji, the sixth Sikh Guru, was released from imprisonment by the Mughal emperor Jahangir. Buddhists in some parts of India celebrate Diwali as a day to honor the conversion of Emperor Ashoka to Buddhism, a turning point in his life and a symbol of peace and transformation.
The Five Days of Diwali Diwali celebrations traditionally span five days, each with its own meaning and rituals.
- Dhanteras: The first day of Diwali, known as Dhanteras, is dedicated to Dhanvantari, the god of health and Ayurveda. People purchase new utensils, jewelry, or household items as a sign of good fortune and prosperity.
- Naraka Chaturdashi (Choti Diwali): Also called Choti Diwali, this day commemorates Lord Krishna’s victory over Narakasura. On this day, people clean their homes and decorate them with colorful rangoli designs, symbolizing the arrival of happiness and new beginnings.
- Lakshmi Puja (Diwali): The third day, the main Diwali day, is dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity. People perform Lakshmi Puja to invite prosperity and happiness into their homes. This day sees families lighting diyas (oil lamps) and bursting firecrackers, signifying the victory of light over darkness.
- Govardhan Puja: The fourth day is celebrated as Govardhan Puja, commemorating the day Lord Krishna lifted the Govardhan Hill to protect the villagers of Vrindavan from a torrential downpour. This day is observed in Northern India with elaborate food offerings to represent abundance.
- Bhai Dooj: The final day, Bhai Dooj, is a celebration of the bond between siblings. Sisters pray for their brothers’ long lives and prosperity, while brothers give gifts and promise to protect their sisters.
Traditions and Rituals Diwali’s celebrations are rich with traditions that vary by region. One of the most popular customs is decorating homes with diyas, candles, and colorful rangoli patterns made from colored powders, rice, and flowers. Fireworks and firecrackers are also popular, adding to the festive spirit and marking the symbolic end of darkness.
Lakshmi Puja is an essential ritual performed on Diwali, as people worship the goddess of wealth to ensure prosperity in the coming year. Another significant tradition is the exchange of sweets and gifts among family and friends, strengthening bonds and spreading joy. Various regional cuisines and sweets are prepared, including laddoos, barfis, and gulab jamuns, which are shared as part of the celebration.
Regional Variations Diwali’s customs and traditions vary widely across different parts of India and the world:
- North India: Diwali is celebrated with much fanfare, with large-scale decorations, fireworks, and family gatherings. The focus is on the homecoming of Lord Rama, and the entire city of Ayodhya is known to be illuminated with diyas in a grand celebration.
- South India: Known as Deepavali, the focus here is often on Lord Krishna’s victory over Narakasura. In Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, it is celebrated as Naraka Chaturdashi with early morning oil baths and sweets.
- West India: In states like Maharashtra and Gujarat, Diwali also marks the end of the harvest season. People clean their homes and decorate their courtyards with rangoli and diyas. Additionally, the Gujarati New Year falls on the day after Diwali, making it an especially festive occasion.
- East India: In West Bengal, Diwali coincides with Kali Puja, dedicated to Goddess Kali. Homes and temples are illuminated, and offerings are made to the goddess. In Odisha and Assam, people light diyas to guide the souls of their ancestors to heaven.
Diwali Around the World With the Indian diaspora spread across the globe, Diwali is celebrated in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Singapore, bringing communities together to share in the festival’s joyful traditions. Many cities hold public events featuring fireworks, traditional Indian dance performances, music, and food, allowing people of various backgrounds to experience and enjoy the spirit of Diwali.
Environmental Awareness and Sustainable Celebrations While Diwali is a time of joy, the environmental impact of firecrackers has led to increased awareness about sustainable celebrations. Firecrackers contribute significantly to air and noise pollution, prompting campaigns for green and eco-friendly Diwali. People are encouraged to reduce firecracker use, opting for traditional oil lamps and LED lights to reduce their carbon footprint. In recent years, “silent Diwali” celebrations have been adopted in some regions, focusing on other traditions such as lighting diyas, making eco-friendly decorations, and donating to the needy, embodying the true spirit of the festival.
The Significance of Diwali Today Diwali remains relevant today as it promotes universal values such as compassion, charity, and the importance of family and community. As a festival that transcends religious boundaries, it fosters unity and harmony among diverse communities. Diwali also serves as a time for self-reflection, as individuals look within to overcome negativity and ignorance, making way for positive change and personal growth.
In many ways, Diwali is also an economic boost, especially for small businesses and artisans who create traditional decorations, diyas, textiles, and sweets. During this season, markets are filled with bustling activity, and the festival has become an integral part of India’s economy.